Natural ventilation in buildings: measurement in a wind tunnel and numerical simulation with large-eddy simulation

Natural ventilation in buildings can create a comfortable and healthy indoor environment, and can save energy compared to mechanical ventilation systems. In building design the prediction of ventilation can be difficult; cases of wind-driven single-sided ventilation, where the effects of turbulence dominate, are particularly problematic to simulate. In order to investigate the mechanism of natural ventilation driven by wind force, large-eddy simulation (LES) is used. In the meanwhile, detailed airflow fields, such as mean and fluctuating velocity and pressure distribution inside and around building-like models were measured by wind tunnel tests and compared to LES results for model validation. Three ventilation cases, single-sided ventilation with an opening in windward wall, single-sided ventilation with an opening in leeward wall, and cross ventilation, are studied. In the wind tunnel, a laser Doppler anemometry was used to provide accurate and detailed velocity data. In LES calculations, two subgrid-scale (SS) models, a Smagorinsky SS model and a filtered dynamic SS model, were used. The numerical results from LES are in good agreement with the experimental data, in particular with the predicted airflow patterns and velocities around and within, and the surface pressures over, the models. This is considered to establish confidence in the application of the LES methods to the calculation of ventilation in buildings, in particular for single-sided ventilation cases.     

锚杆荷载传递机理的理论模型分析

应用基于 Mindlin 问题位移解的模型、双曲函数模型、基于抗拔作用的力学模型等3种理论模型分析了锚杆荷载传递机理和锚杆表面剪切力和轴力沿锚固长度的分布规律及其影响因素。就锚杆荷载传递机理问题,对这3种模型作了比较,并对它们作了评价,指出各自的适用性,进一步为岩土工程中锚杆的力学分析和设计提供理论依据。     

液体除湿器的数值模拟分析

建立了带填充物的液体除湿器的传热传质数值模型,并进行了相应的数值计算。计算结果表明,溶液入口温度和浓度对除湿性能有显著影响,进而影响液体除湿冷却空调的送风温度。     

基于GIS和最小势能原理的斜坡稳定性三维分析

借助GIS的数据管理和空间分析功能,提出了一个基于最小势能原理的斜坡稳定性三维计算方法。最小势能原理针对滑面和滑体进行系统分析,从而避免了采用常规方法计算所需要的各种假设条件。从三维地质模型中提取滑体几何参数和物理力学参数,可以很方便地计算任意形态滑面的滑坡稳定性系数,三维与二维计算的结果比较证明了该方法的合理性和适用性。     

用抗滑桩整治滑坡地段隧道变形的模型试验研究

以东荣河隧道滑坡为原型，进行了无桩、桩隧间距16m和桩隧间距22m三种室内模型试验，研究了滑坡体内压力和位移的变化规律以及隧道衬砌的受力情况。在抗滑桩类型的选择、桩隧间距的确定、抗滑桩设置对隧道稳定的影响以及滑坡推力的分布型式等方面取得了一定的成果，对滑坡地段隧道变形开裂病害的有效整治具有重要意义。     

关于三维无限元的一种新模型

给出一个三维十二节点无限元的新模型，其映射函数概念明确，形式简洁。该模型不存在文献「７」中无限元模型在计算时出现的问题。中外，结合算例将该模型与文献「８」中无限元模型进行了比较。结果表明，本文的无限元析模型在性能和精度方面均具有优越性。     

湖南国贸中心无粘结预应力混凝土楼板结构模型试验与现场荷载试验

湖南国贸中心主楼标准层采用层粘结预应力混凝土楼板，为了解预应力筋－锚具组装件的受力性能，进行了硬度检验、静载试验、疲劳试验；为检验实际结构受力特点，还对楼面板带进行了模型试验，试验结果均优于设计计算值，经现场荷载试验，楼板未裂缝，各测点工较小。     

岩土力学弹塑性模型参数反演中的灵敏度分析

参数反演是施工过程安全性分析的一个重要研究内容，而位移对参数的灵敏度计算是其关键。线性模型灵敏度分析早已有了成熟的研究，与线性模型相比，弹塑性模型参数的位移敏度分析却一直未得到很好解决。本文以能较好模拟土壤弹塑性力学行为的Ｄｒｕｃｋｅｒ Ｐｒａｇｅｒ准则为例，通过引入应力空间下的自然坐标系，将应力球量与应力偏量进行分解，从而导出一个有限元计算中位移对参数灵敏度的闭合形式公式。     

Housing location choices of the poor: does access to jobs matter?

Abstract

This research investigates whether access to jobs affects poor households’ residential location choices using data from individual households in the Chicago Metropolitan Area. Our results, based on discrete choice models, show that the effects of job accessibility on household location choices are contingent upon households’ automobile ownership and employment status. Places with higher job accessibility by public transit mode are more likely to attract poor households that do not own cars but have at least one employed worker or one labour force participant, while job accessibility by automobile travel mode has no positive effect on the location choices of poor households who own automobiles. The results stress the importance of job accessibility for those poor households with limited transportation mobility but strong needs for access to jobs.     

Design of a nitrifying tertiary trickling filter based on theoretical concepts

A nitrification model for a tertiary trickling filter is developed based on stoichiometry, Fick's Law and Monod kinetics. The design of tertiary trickling filters for nitrification is discussed, with special emphasis on: residual ammonium concentration, recirculation, reactors in series, residual alkalinity, residual nitrite concentration and effects of temperature on reactor performance. Wherever possible the theoretical predictions are compared with experimental results.